Quiz on Lakes and Glaciers of H.P

The Shivalik hills, a captivating natural wonder tucked away in Himachal Pradesh, offer a breathtaking journey through landscapes of remarkable beauty and diversity. 

The Shivalik Range is a sub-Himalayan mountain range located in the northwestern part of India.Stretching along the southern boundary of the state from East to West, these hills are the outermost layer of the Himalayan range.The range extends over 2,400 kilometers, encompassing several states, including Himachal Pradesh. In this article section, we'll delve into the unique characteristics and natural beauty of the Shivalik hills.

Districts within the Lower Hills

• Kangra
• Hamirpur
• Una
• Bilaspur
• Parts of Mandi
• Solan
• Sirmour : Churdhar, also known as Choor Chandni, stands at 3,647 meters in Sirmaur, making it the highest peak in the Shiwalik range. This mountain range separates Sirmaur from Shimla. 
• These mountain ranges are Locally known by various names, such as Ram Garh Dhar in Una, Dhog Dhar in Sirmaur, Hathi Dhar, Chamukti Dhar, Sikander Dhar and  Naina Devi Dhar (Bilaspur).
   

In ancient times, the Shivalik hills were known as 'Manak Parbat,' a name that evokes the mystique of Lord Shiva's tresses. The hills have played a significant role in local mythology and heritage, with their natural beauty intertwined with the stories of gods and legends.

Geographic Extent

• The range extends over 2,400 kilometers, encompassing several states, including Himachal Pradesh.
• Their average elevation stands at around 600 meters.
• Steep southern slopes gracefully merge into the longitudinal valleys known as 'Duns.'
• The altitude within the Shivalik zone varies from 350 meters (1050 feet) to 1500 meters (4500 feet) above sea level.

A Glimpse of Geological History

The Shivalik Range is a product of tectonic movements over millions of years. Its formation dates back to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates, resulting in the upliftment of these young and relatively low-lying mountains. This geological history has contributed to the Shivalik Range's unique topography.

Geological Features

The Shivalik Hills boast a fascinating geological composition:

Tertiary Formations

Predominantly, the Shivaliks consist of tertiary formations that extend from the North-West to the South-East. These formations are characterized by a significant thickness of detrital rocks, clays, and conglomerates. As the youngest rocks in the Himalayan region, the Shivalik belt is a subject of geological interest.

Erosion and Deforestation

Unfortunately, the Shivalik Hills have witnessed extensive deforestation and erosion over time, leading to the formation of 'Chos' or  or small streams, crisscrossing the terrain.. The once lush landscapes have been significantly altered, emphasizing the importance of conservation efforts in this ecologically sensitive region.

A Region of Abundant Rainfall

One of the defining characteristics of the Shivalik hills is the annual rainfall it receives. With precipitation ranging from 1500mm to 1800mm, this region is blessed with a generous supply of water. This ample rainfall plays a pivotal role in shaping the local ecology and supports a wide range of flora and fauna.

Vegetation in the Shivalik Mountain Range

The Shivalik Mountain Range boasts an extensive range of vegetation, which mirrors the diverse ecological zones it encompasses.

Tropical and Subtropical Forests

At the foothills of the Shivalik Range, you'll encounter lush tropical and subtropical forests. These forests, characterized by deciduous trees, create a green paradise. Key species include:

• Sal trees
• Teak trees
• Sheesham trees

Mixed Forests

As you ascend into the mid-level elevations, the landscape transforms into mixed forests, offering a blend of broad-leaved and coniferous trees. Here, you'll find:

• Oak trees
• Maple trees
• Rhododendron
• Pine trees
• Deodar trees

Alpine and Subalpine Vegetation

Venturing even higher, the landscape takes on a different character. Alpine and subalpine vegetation takes over, featuring:

• Dwarf rhododendrons
• Junipers
• Firs

Biodiversity and Wildlife

One of the Shivalik Range's most remarkable features is its incredible biodiversity. The lush forests of Himachal Pradesh are home to a wide variety of flora and fauna.

Fauna of the Shivalik Range

The Shivalik Range is a sanctuary for wildlife, with species like 

• leopards
• barking deer
• Jackal
• Fox
• Leopard Cat
• Yellow-Throated Marten
• Himalayan Weasel

Birds Found in the Shivalik Range

The avian population in the Shivalik Range is equally impressive, with a delightful assortment of bird species that include:

• Himalayan Monal
• Koklass Pheasant
• Himalayan Quail
• Eurasian Eagle-Owl
• Himalayan Owl
• Collared Owlet
• Himalayan Bulbul
• Himalayan Woodpecker

Soil Diversity

The altitude in this zone varies from 350m or 1050 feet to 1500m or 4500 feet above mean sea level, offering a diverse range of ecosystems within a relatively compact geographical area.

The soils in this region range from stone-embedded shallow soils to loam and clay. This diversity supports a variety of agricultural practices, making the Shivalik hills suitable for the cultivation of crops such as maize, wheat, ginger, sugarcane, paddy, table potatoes, and citrus fruits.

Discovering Picturesque Places

The Shivalik hills boast an array of famous places that capture the essence of this natural paradise:

• Paonta Valley: Nestled within the Shivalik hills, Paonta Valley is a serene oasis of tranquility. The valley is known for its lush greenery, pristine streams, and the historic Paonta Sahib Gurudwara.
• Nahan Tehsil: This region of Sirmour district is a hidden gem in the Shivalik hills. It offers a delightful blend of natural beauty and cultural richness, with its temples, forests, and a pleasant climate.
• Pachhad and Renuka Tehsil: These areas of Sirmour district are characterized by their scenic beauty and the presence of the Renuka Lake, which holds great religious and ecological significance.
• Balh Valley: A picturesque valley in the Mandi district, Balh is known for its rolling hills, vibrant orchards, and traditional Himachali culture.
• Joginder Nagar: Located in the Mandi district, Joginder Nagar is famed for its striking landscapes, hydropower projects, and the serene Rewalsar Lake.
• Kangra: The Kangra district offers a captivating blend of nature and history. It is home to the historic Kangra Fort and the lush Kangra Valley, which is famous for its tea gardens.
• Nurpur, Dehra, Jwali: These tehsils in Kangra district showcase the rural beauty of the Shivalik region. Their landscapes are dotted with orchards and offer a glimpse into the everyday life of Himachali communities.
• Dalhousie, Bhattiyat, and Churah: Situated in the Chamba district, these areas are renowned for their scenic beauty, including pine-covered hills, trekking trails, and historic sites like the Khajjiar plateau.

Conclusion

The Shivalik hills of Himachal Pradesh are a treasure trove of natural beauty, cultural heritage, and ecological diversity. With its abundant rainfall, picturesque places, and rich history, this region provides a unique glimpse into the heart of Himachal Pradesh.This sub-Himalayan region is not only a natural treasure but also a reminder of the delicate balance between human activity and nature's resilience.