Turmeric Man of Himachal Pradesh

Introduction

Forest fires have become a recurring environmental concern in India, with devastating consequences for the country's biodiversity and ecosystems. The increasing frequency and intensity of forest fires pose significant challenges for environmental conservation and public safety. Understanding the causes, impact, and prevention of forest fires is crucial for effective management and mitigation of this environmental threat.

Causes of Forest Fires

1. Natural Factors:

   - Dry weather conditions during the summer season create a conducive environment for the outbreak and rapid spread of forest fires.

   -  Factors like temperatures, precipitation, vegetation, and moisture contribute to the scale and frequency of forest fires.

   - Lightning strikes can ignite fires in forests with dry biomass, especially in hilly and mountainous regions.

- Seasonal factors: Higher forest fire incidents are reported in India during March, April, and May due to the ample availability of dry biomass following the end of winter and the prevailing summer season.

2. Human Activities:

   - Agricultural practices, such as slash-and-burn farming, and the use of fire for land clearing contribute to the incidence of forest fires.

   - Deliberate setting of fires by locals for various reasons, including promoting the growth of quality grass, covering up illegal tree cutting, and poaching.

   - Careless disposal of burning materials, such as cigarettes, and unattended open fires also contribute to forest fires.

   - Friction of electricity cables with dry leaves can trigger wildfires, posing a significant risk in forested areas.

Impact of Forest Fires

1. Environmental Impact:

   - Destruction of flora and fauna, leading to loss of biodiversity and habitat degradation.

   - Adverse effects on air quality and atmospheric pollution due to smoke and particulate matter from the fires.

   - Soil erosion and degradation, impacting long-term ecosystem health and sustainability.

2. Economic and Social Impact:

   - Displacement of local communities and loss of livelihoods, particularly for those dependent on forest resources.

   - Damage to infrastructure and property, including forest reserves, agricultural land, and human settlements.

   - Economic costs associated with firefighting efforts, rehabilitation, and restoration of affected areas.

Frequency of Forest Fires in India

• The forest fire season in India lasts between November to June, with nearly 36% of India’s forests being prone to frequent fires.
• According to the India State of Forest Report, nearly 4% of the country’s forest cover is extremely prone to fire, while 6% is very highly fire-prone.

Forest Fires in Himachal Pradesh

• 55,673 sq km is state’s total geographical area
• 15,443 sq km is forest cover, which is 27.72% of the total area

The state of Himachal Pradesh has been grappling with a significant increase in forest fire incidents in recent years, posing a serious threat to its rich biodiversity and pristine natural landscapes. The surge in forest fires has been attributed to various factors, including dry weather conditions, human activities, and inadequate fire management infrastructure.

Governor Shiv Pratap Shukla stressed the importance of using modern technology to combat forest fires. “Our ancestors have defined the importance of forests in such a way that planting one tree is equivalent to having 10 children and now you will have the responsibility of conservation and development of these forests,”.

- In 2023-24, Himachal Pradesh reported a total of 220 forest fire incidents, compared to 94 cases in the previous summer season, indicating a concerning upward trend.

- The Dharamsala forest circle reported the highest number of forest fire incidents during the summer season, followed by other forest circles in the state.

- The affected area due to forest fires in Himachal Pradesh has resulted in significant ecological damage, with hectares of forest land being impacted by the fires.

Prevention and Control Measures

1. Early Detection and Monitoring:

• Establishment of watch towers for early detection of potential fires.
• Utilization of satellite-based remote sensing technology and GIS tools for real-time monitoring and estimation of burnt areas.

2. Community Involvement:

• Engagement of local communities in fire prevention and management through awareness programs and training.
•  Encouraging responsible land-use practices and promoting sustainable forest management.

3. Infrastructure and Firebreaks:

• Creation and maintenance of fire lines, such as open and covered fire lines, to prevent the spread of fires.

According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) website, there are two types of fire lines in practice: Kachha or covered fire lines and Pucca or open fire lines. 

In Kachha fire lines, the undergrowth and shrubs are removed while trees are retained to decrease the fuel load. 

The Pucca fire lines are clear-felled areas that separate a forest/compartment/block from another to control the spread of potential fires.

• Deployment of fire watchers and the use of modern firefighting equipment and technology.

4. Legal measures:

• Enforcing laws against setting forests on fire and holding individuals accountable for deliberate actions that lead to forest fires.

Conclusion

Addressing the issue of forest fires in India, including the specific challenges faced in states like Himachal Pradesh, requires a multi-faceted approach that encompasses effective prevention, early detection, community involvement, and sustainable forest management practices. By implementing comprehensive strategies and leveraging modern technology, the country can work towards mitigating the impact of forest fires and preserving its invaluable natural heritage for future generations.